Amandla elanga kukhona noma yiluphi uhlobo lwamandla akhiqizwa ilanga.

Amandla elanga adalwe ngokuhlanganiswa kwenuzi okwenzeka elangeni. I-fusion yenzeka lapho ama-athomu ama-athomu e-hydrogen ashayisana ngobudlova emnyolweni welanga no fuse ukudala i-athomu le-helium.

Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukusabela kwe-PP (proton-proton) ukusabela, kukhipha amandla amakhulu. Emgogodleni wayo, ilanga lincipha amathani amamitha ayi-620 ama-hydrogen umzuzwana ngamunye. Ukusabela kwe-PP ukusabela kwenzeka kwezinye izinkanyezi ezicishe zibe ngosayizi welanga lethu, futhi zibanikeze amandla aqhubekayo nokushisa. Izinga lokushisa kwalezi zinkanyezi lifinyelela kuma-degree ayizigidi ezi-4 esikalini seKelvin (cishe izigidi ezingama-4 Celsius, izigidi eziyi-7 Fahrenherheit).

Ezinkanyezi ezingaba ngu-1.3 amahlandla amakhulu kunelanga, umjikelezo we-CNO ushayela ukudalwa kwamandla. Umjikelezo we-CNO uguqule futhi i-hydrogen e-helium, kepha ithembela kwikhabhoni, i-nitrogen, nomoya-mpilo (c, n, no-o) ukwenza kanjalo. Njengamanje, kungaphansi kwamaphesenti amabili wamandla welanga adalwe ngumjikelezo we-CNO.

I-Fucless Fusion ngokuphendula kwe-PP noma umjikelezo we-CNO ikhipha amanani amakhulu wamandla ngendlela yamagagasi nezinhlayiya. Amandla elanga ahlala egeleza kude nelanga nakulo lonke uhlelo lwelanga. Amandla elanga afudumeza uMhlaba, adala umoya kanye nesimo sezulu, futhi asekele izitshalo nezilwane.

Amandla, ukushisa, nokukhanya okuvela elangeni ahamba ngendlela yemisebe ye-electromagnetic (i-EMR).

I-electromagnetic spectrum ikhona njengamagagasi amaza ahlukile namagagasi. Imvamisa yegagasi imele ukuthi amagagasi angakanani aphindaphindeke ngeyunithi ethile yesikhathi. Amagagasi anama-wavelength amafushane kakhulu aphindaphinda amahlandla ambalwa engxenyeni ethile yesikhathi, ngakho-ke avelele kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amagagasi aphansi aphansi abe namagagasi amade kakhulu.

Iningi lamagagasi e-electromagnetic awabonakali kithi. Amagagasi afudumele kakhulu akhishwa yilanga yi-Gamma Rays, ama-X-ray, kanye nemisebe ye-ultraviolet (imisebe ye-UV). Imisebe eyingozi kakhulu ye-UV icishe yamunwa ngokuphelele ngumkhathi womhlaba. Imisebe ye-UV engaphansi enamandla ihamba emkhathini, futhi ingadala ukushiswa yilanga.

Ilanga libuye likhiphe imisebe ye-infrared, amaza awo aphansi kakhulu. Ukushisa okuningi okuvela elangeni kufika njengamandla we-infrared.

I-sandwiched phakathi kwe-infrared ne-UV yi-spectrum ebonakalayo, equkethe yonke imibala esiyibona emhlabeni. Umbala obomvu unama-wavelength amade kakhulu (asondele kakhulu ku-infrared), kanye ne-violet (esondele kakhulu ku-UV) emfushane.

Amandla we-Natural Solar

Umphumela Wokushisa Okushisa
Amagagasi amagagasi abonakalayo, abonakalayo, nama-UV afinyelela umhlaba iqhaza enqubweni yokufudumeza iplanethi nokwenza impilo ibe khona - okubizwa ngokuthi yi- "greenhouse umphumela."

Cishe amaphesenti angama-30 emandla elanga afinyelela eMhlabeni aboniswa emuva emkhathini. Konke okunye kudonswa emkhathini womhlaba. Imisebe ifudumeza indawo yomhlaba, kanti ingaphezulu liyakhaza amanye amandla abuyile ngesimo samagagasi enkinga. Njengoba zivuka emkhathini, zithambekele ngamagesi abamba ukushisa, njengomumo wamanzi kanye nekhabhoni diokdijini.

Amagesi abamba ukushisa abamba ukushisa okukhombisa emuva emkhathini. Ngale ndlela, basebenza njengezindonga zengilazi eziluhlaza. Lokhu kuvikela ukushisa kugcina umhlaba ufudumele ngokwanele ukuze usekele impilo.

Izithombe -thesis
Cishe konke impilo emhlabeni kuncike emandleni elanga ngokudla, kungaba ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile.

Abakhiqizi bathembela ngqo emandleni elanga. Bamunca ukukhanya kwelanga bese bayiguqula ibe izakhi zomzimba ngenqubo ebizwa nge-photosynthesis. Abakhiqizi, babizwa nangokuthi ama-autotrophs, afaka izitshalo, i-algae, amagciwane kanye nesikhunta. Ama-autotrophs ayisisekelo sewebhu yokudla.

Abathengi bathembela kubakhiqizi bezakhi. I-Herbivores, ama-carnivores, ama-omnivores, futhi ama-detritivores ancike emandleni elanga ngokungaqondile. I-Herbivores idla izitshalo nabanye abakhiqizi. Ama-Carnivores nama-Omnivores adla bobabili abakhiqizi kanye ne-herbivores. I-Depritivores ibola isitshalo kanye nendaba yezilwane ngokuyidla.

Fossil Fuels
I-Photosynthesis nayo inesibopho sawo wonke amafutha e-fossil emhlabeni. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu edlule, ama-autotrophs okuqala avela ezimweni zasemanzini. Ukukhanya kwelanga kuvunyelwe impilo yesitshalo ukuba ichume futhi ivele. Ngemuva kokuthi ama-autotrophs ashonile, akhanya futhi aguqukela ekujuleni komhlaba, kwesinye isikhathi izinkulungwane zamamitha. Le nqubo yaqhubeka ngezigidi zeminyaka.

Ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu kanye nokushisa okuphezulu, lezi zinhle ziba yilokho esikwaziyo njengamafutha okugcwala. Ama-microorganisms aba ngu uphethroli, igesi yemvelo, namalahle.

Abantu basungule izinqubo zokukhipha la mafutha okugcwala futhi abasebenzise amandla. Kodwa-ke, ama-fossil fuels angumthombo ongabonakali. Bathatha izigidi zeminyaka ukuze bakha.

Ukubopha amandla elanga

Amandla elanga angumthombo ovuselelekayo, futhi ubuchwepheshe obuningi bangavuna ngokuqondile ukuze basebenzise amakhaya, amabhizinisi, ezikoleni nasezibhedlela. Amanye ama-solar Energy Technologies afaka amaseli we-Photovoltaic namaphaneli, amandla elanga agxile elanga, kanye nokwakhiwa kwelanga.

Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuthwebula imisebe yelanga futhi uziguqulele zibe amandla asetshenzisa. Izindlela zisebenzisa amandla elanga asebenzayo noma amandla elanga atholakalayo.

Ubuchwepheshe obusebenzayo be-solar basebenzisa amadivaysi kagesi noma emishini ukuze uguqule amandla amandla elanga kwelinye ifomu lamandla, ngokuvamile ukushisa noma ugesi. Ubuchwepheshe be-Passive Solar awusebenzisi noma yimaphi amadivayisi angaphandle. Esikhundleni salokho, basebenzisa ithuba lesimo sezulu sendawo ukuze bashise izakhiwo ebusika, futhi bakhombisa ukushisa phakathi nehlobo.

I-Photovoltaics

I-Photovoltaics iyindlela yobuchwepheshe be-solar technology eyatholakala ngonyaka we-1839 nge-French Physist yaseFrance u-Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel. U-Becquerel wathola ukuthi lapho ebeka isiliva-chloride kukhambi le-acid futhi adalule elangeni, ama-electrodes eplatinamu anamathiselwe kuwo akhiqize ugesi wamanje. Le nqubo yokukhiqiza ugesi ngokuqondile kusuka emisebeni yelanga ibizwa ngokuthi i-Photovoltaic Effect, noma i-Photovoltaics.

Namuhla, i-Photovoltaics mhlawumbe iyindlela ejwayelekile kakhulu yokuhlanganisa amandla elanga. I-Photovoltaic arrays imvamisa ifaka amaphaneli elanga, iqoqo lamashumi amane noma amakhulukhulu amangqamuzana elanga.

Iseli ngalinye lelanga liqukethe i-semiconductor, evame ukwenziwa nge-silicon. Lapho i-semiconductor idonsa ukukhanya kwelanga, kungqongqoza ama-elektroni. Insimu kagesi iqondisa ama-elektroni axhumeka ku-Electric yamanje, ageleze endaweni eyodwa. Oxhumana ngensimbi phezulu nangaphansi kweseli yelanga eqondile eqondile entweni yangaphandle. Into yangaphandle ingaba incane njenge-Calculator enikwe amandla elanga noma ikhulu njengesiteshi samandla.

I-Photovoltaics yaqala ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwi-spacecraft. Ama-satellites amaningi, kufaka phakathi isiteshi sendawo yamazwe omhlaba (i-ISS), izici ezibanzi, "amaphiko" amaphaneli elanga. I-ISS inamaphiko amabili aqoshwe ngamalanga amabili (amasaha), ngalinye lisebenzisa amaseli acishe abe ngu-33,000 amangqamuzana elanga. Lawa maseli e-photovoltaic anikeza wonke ugesi kwi-ISS, avumela izinkanyezi ukuthi asebenze esiteshini, aphile ngokuphepha esikhaleni izinyanga ngasikhathi, futhi aqhube izivivinyo zesayensi nezobunjiniyela.

Iziteshi zikagesi ze-Photovoltaic zakhiwe emhlabeni wonke. Iziteshi ezinkulu kunazo zonke zise-United States, eNdiya naseChina. Lezi ziteshi zamandla zikhipha amakhulukhulu ama-megawatts ogesi, ezisetshenziselwa ukuhambisa amakhaya, amabhizinisi, izikole kanye nezibhedlela.

Ubuchwepheshe be-Photovoltaic bungafakwa futhi ngezinga elincane. Amaphaneli elanga namaseli angahlelwa ophahleni noma odongeni lwangaphandle lwezakhiwo, enikeza ugesi ngesakhiwo. Zingabekwa emigwaqweni ukuze zikhanyise imigwaqo emikhulu. Amangqamuzana elanga ancanyana ngokwanele ukuba anikeze amandla amadivaysi amancane, njengama-Calculator, amamitha okupaka, amahlathi kadoti, namaphampu wamanzi.

Amandla agxile elanga

Olunye uhlobo lobuchwepheshe obusebenzayo be-solar bugxile emandleni elanga noma amandla elanga ahlanganisiwe (CSP). Ubuchwepheshe be-CSP busebenzisa ama-lens nezibuko ukugxila (ukugxila) ukukhanya kwelanga kusuka endaweni enkulu kuya endaweni encane. Le ndawo enkulu yokushisa imisebe ishisa uketshezi, lapho ikhiqiza ugesi noma ithele enye inqubo.

I-Solar Forace iyisibonelo samandla elanga agxilile elanga. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zelangala lama-solar, kufaka phakathi imibhoshongo yamandla elanga, umkhombe we-parabolic, kanye nabasizi beFesnel. Basebenzisa indlela efanayo ejwayelekile yokuthwebula nokuguqula amandla.

Ama-Solar Power Towers asebenzisa ama-heliostats, izibuko ezifulethi eziphendukela ukulandela i-arc yelanga esibhakabhakeni. Izibuko zihlelwe zizungeze i-Central "Collector Tower," futhi zibonisa ukukhanya kwelanga zibe yi-ray egxilile yokukhanya okukhanya endaweni efanelekile embhoshongweni.

Emiklamweni edlule yemibhoshongo yamandla elanga, ukukhanya kwelanga okugxilile kufudumele isitsha samanzi, okukhiqize umusi owenza amandla i-turbine. Muva nje, eminye imibhoshongo yamandla elanga isebenzisa i-sodium ye-liquid, enekhono eliphakeme lokushisa futhi ligcine ukushisa isikhathi eside. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uketshezi alugcini nje ngokushisa kwamazinga okushisa angama-773 kuye ku-1,273k (500 ° kuya ku-1 ° C C

Umkhombe we-parabolic kanye nabasizi be-freen futhi basebenzise i-CSP, kepha izibuko zabo zibunjiwe ngendlela ehlukile. Izibuko ze-Parabolic zigobe, ngesimo esifana nesihlalo salo. AbakwaFresnel Confars basebenzisa amafulethi, imichilo emincane yesibuko ukuthwebula ukukhanya kwelanga futhi ikuqondise kwi-tube yoketshezi. AbakwaFresnel Abavunta banendawo engaphezulu komhlaba kunemikhombe ye-parabolic futhi bangagxila emandleni elanga aze afike izikhathi ezingama-30 ukuqina kwawo okujwayelekile.

Izitshalo zamandla elanga ezihlanganisiwe zaqala zakhiwa ngawo-1980s. Isikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni uchungechunge lwezitshalo eMojave Desert esifundazweni sase-US eCalifornia. Lolu hlelo lokukhiqiza amandla elanga (ama-SEGS) lukhiqiza ngaphezu kwama-650 ama-gigawatt-amahora kagesi minyaka yonke. Ezinye izitshalo ezinkulu nezisebenzayo ziye zakhiwa eSpain nase-India.

Amandla we-solar ahlanganisiwe nawo angasetshenziswa esikalini esincane. Kungakhipha ukushisa kwabapheki belanga, ngokwesibonelo. Abantu emadolobhaneni emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa abapheki belanga ukubilisa amanzi ukuze bathuthwa indle futhi bapheke ukudla.

Abapheki be-solar bahlinzeka ngezinzuzo eziningi ngaphezulu kwezitofu ezivuthayo izinkuni: akuzona ingozi yomlilo, azikhiqizi intuthu, azidingi uphethroli, futhi zinciphise ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala lapho kuvunwa khona amahlathi. Abapheki be-solar nabo bavumela abantu bendawo ukuthi baphishekele isikhathi semfundo, ibhizinisi, impilo, noma umndeni ngesikhathi esasisetshenziselwa ukuqoqa izinkuni. Abapheki be-solar basetshenziswa ezindaweni ezahlukene njengoChad, Israel, India, kanye nePeru.

Isakhiwo seSolar

Kuyo yonke iminyaka, amandla elanga kuyingxenye yenqubo yokuxhumanisa okushisayo, noma ukunyakaza kokushisa kusuka endaweni efudumele kuya endaweni epholile. Lapho ilanga liphuma, liqala ukufudumeza izinto nokubonakalayo emhlabeni. Kusukela ngosuku lonke, lezi zinto zokwakha zithola ukushisa emisebeni yelanga. Ebusuku, lapho ilanga selishonile futhi umoya usupholile, izinto zokwakha zikhipha ukushisa kwazo emkhathini.

Amasu we-Passive Solar Energy asebenzisa ngokunenzuzo le nqubo yokushisa nenqubo yokupholisa yemvelo.

Amakhaya nezinye izakhiwo zisebenzisa amandla elanga asabalalisa ukusabalalisa ukushisa kahle nangokungabizi. Ukubala "isisindo se-thermal" isakhiwo kuyisibonelo salokhu. Isisindo sesakhiwo sesakhiwo inqwaba yezinto ezibonakalayo ezifudumele usuku lonke. Izibonelo zesisindo sesakhiwo sokwakha izinkuni, insimbi, ukhonkolo, ubumba, itshe noma udaka. Ebusuku, isisindo se-thermal sikhipha ukushisa kwalo egumbini. Izinhlelo ze-Ventilation ezisebenzayo - amahholo we-ndindloways, amawindi, kanye nemithombo yomoya - ukusabalalisa umoya ofudumele futhi ulondoloze izinga lokushisa elingaphakathi, elingaguquguquki.

Ubuchwepheshe be-Passive Solar buvame ukubandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo. Isibonelo, esigabeni sokuhlela sokwakhiwa, unjiniyela noma umakhi wokwakha kungahle kuvumelanise isakhiwo ngendlela yansuku zonke yelanga ukuthola amanani afiselekayo okukhanya kwelanga. Le ndlela icubungula i-latitude, ukuphakama, kanye nesembozo sefu esijwayelekile sendawo ethile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo zingakhiwa noma zibuyiselwe kabusha ukuze zibe nokufakwa okushisayo, isisindo esishisayo, noma umthunzi owengeziwe.

Ezinye izibonelo zokwakhiwa kwe-solar kuphela kunguphahla olupholile, izithiyo ezikhazimulayo, nophahla oluhlaza. Uphahla olusha lupendiwe mhlophe, futhi lubonisa imisebe yelanga esikhundleni sokuyitholela. Ingaphezulu elimhlophe linciphisa inani lokushisa elifinyelela ingaphakathi lesakhiwo, lapho inciphisa inani lamandla adingekayo ukupholisa isakhiwo.

Izithiyo ezikhazimulayo zisebenza ngokufanayo ophahleni olupholile. Bahlinzeka ngokufakwa kwezinto ezibonisa kakhulu, njenge-aluminium foil. I-Foil ibonakalisa, esikhundleni se-Absorbs, ukushisa, futhi inganciphisa izindleko zokupholisa kuze kube ngamaphesenti ayi-10. Ngaphezu kophahla kanye nama-attic, izithiyo ezikhazimulayo nazo zingafakwa ngaphansi kwezitezi.

Uphahla oluhlaza luhlaza ophahleni olumbozwe ngokuphelele ngezimila. Badinga inhlabathi nokunisela ukusekela izitshalo, nesendlalelo esingangenzi manzi ngaphansi. Uphahla oluhlaza alukho kuphela ukunciphisa inani lokushisa elidonswa noma elilahlekile, kodwa futhi lihlinzeka ngezitshalo. Nge-Photosynthesis, izitshalo ezisophahleni oluhlaza amunca isikhutha bese ukhipha umoya-mpilo. Bahlunga ukungcola ngaphandle kwamanzi emvula nomoya, bese behlisa eminye imiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwamandla kuleso sikhala.

Uphahla oluhlaza lube yisiko eScandinavia amakhulu eminyaka, futhi muva nje lisanda kuduma e-Australia, entshonalanga neYurophu, eCanada nase-United States. Isibonelo, inkampani yezimoto yeFord Motor yamboza amamitha-skwele angama-42,000 (amamitha-skwele angama-450,000) ophahla lwemihlangano yalo ophahleni lwaseMhlanganweni osondelene naye othandekayo, waseMichigan, onezimila. Ngaphezu kokunciphisa ukuphuma kwegesi abamba ukushisa, ophahleni banciphisa ukugibela kwamanzi esiphepho ngokuthola amasentimitha amaningi emvula.

Uphahla oluhlaza ophahleni oluhlaza ophahleni olupholile lungamelana nalo "i-Urban Heat Island" umphumela. Emadolobheni amatasa, izinga lokushisa lingaphakama ngokungaguquki kunezindawo eziseduzane. Izici eziningi zifaka isandla kulokhu: amadolobha akhiwe ngezinto ezifana ne-asphalt kanye nokhonkolo odonsa ukushisa; Izakhiwo ezinde zivimba umoya nemiphumela yaso yokupholisa; Futhi amanani aphezulu okushisa kwemfucuza akhiqizwa imboni, traffic, kanye nabantu abaphezulu. Usebenzisa isikhala esikhona ophahleni ukutshala izihlahla, noma ukukhombisa ukushisa ngophahla omhlophe, kunganciphisa izinga lokushisa lendawo kukhuphuka ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.

Amandla elanga nabantu

Njengoba ukukhanya kwelanga kukhanya kuphela cishe ingxenye yosuku ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, ubuchwepheshe obunamandla we-solar Energy kufanele bufake izindlela zokugcina amandla ngesikhathi samahora amnyama.

Izinhlelo ze-Thermal Mass zisebenzisa i-paraffin wax noma izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zosawoti ukugcina amandla ngendlela yokushisa. Ama-Photovoltaic Systems angathumela ugesi owengeziwe kwigridi yamandla endawo, noma agcine amandla kumabhethri akhiwa kabusha.

Kunezinzuzo eziningi nokubi ngokusebenzisa amandla elanga.

Izinzuzo
Inzuzo enkulu yokusebenzisa amandla elanga ukuthi kuwumthombo ovuselelekayo. Sizoba nokuthambekela okuqinile, okungenamkhawulo kwelanga eminye iminyaka eyisigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu. Ngehora elilodwa, umkhathi womhlaba uthola ukukhanya kwelanga okwanele ukuze kunikezwe amandla izidingo zikagesi zawo wonke umuntu emhlabeni osemhlabeni.

Amandla elanga ahlanzekile. Ngemuva kwemishini yezobuchwepheshe yelanga yakhelwe bese ufakwa endaweni, amandla elanga awadingi uphethiloli ozosebenza. Futhi akusho ukuthi amagesi abamba ukushisa noma izinto ezinobuthi. Ukusebenzisa amandla elanga kunganciphisa kakhulu umthelela esinawo emvelweni.

Kunezindawo lapho amandla elanga asebenza khona. Amakhaya nezakhiwo ezindaweni ezinamanani aphezulu okukhanya kwelanga kanye nesembozo sefu eliphansi kunethuba lokuhlanganisa amandla amaningi aningi.

Abapheki be-solar bahlinzeka ngenye indlela enhle yokupheka ngezitofu eziboshwe ngokhuni - lapho abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili basathembela khona. Abapheki be-solar bahlinzeka ngendlela ehlanzekile nephephile yokuhlanza amanzi futhi bapheke ukudla.

I-solar Energy ifeza eminye imithombo yamandla evuselelekayo, efana namandla omoya noma ama-hydroelectric.

Amakhaya noma amabhizinisi afaka amaphaneli elanga aphumelelayo empeleni angaveza ugesi owengeziwe. Lezi zindlu ezininikhaya noma abaninimabhizinisi zingathengisa amandla kuMhlinzeki kagesi, benciphisa noma baqede izikweletu zamandla.

Okubi
Ukuvimbela okuyinhloko ekusebenziseni amandla elanga yimishini edingekayo. Imishini yezobuchwepheshe yelanga iyabiza. Ukuthenga nokufaka imishini kungabiza amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi emizini yomuntu ngamunye. Yize uhulumeni evame ukuhlinzeka ngentela encishisiwe kubantu namabhizinisi asebenzisa amandla elanga, futhi ubuchwepheshe bungasusa izikweletu zikagesi, izindleko zokuqala zigcwele kakhulu kwabaningi okufanele bacabangele.

Imishini yamandla elanga nayo iyasinda. Ukuze uphinde wenze kabusha noma ufake amaphaneli elanga ophahleni lwesakhiwo, ophahleni kufanele lube namandla, lukhulu futhi luqondiswe endleleni yelanga.

Zombili ubuchwepheshe obusebenzayo nongezansi kwelanga buxhomeke ezintweni ezingaphandle kokulawulwa kwethu, njengesimo sezulu kanye nesembozo sefu. Izindawo zasendaweni kumele zifundwe ukuthola ukuthi amandla elanga azosebenza yini kuleyo ndawo.

Ukukhanya kwelanga kumele kube kuningi futhi kungaguquguquki kwamandla elanga ukuze ukhethe kahle. Ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni, ukuhlukahluka kwelanga kwenza kube nzima ukukusebenzisa njengowukuphela komthombo wamandla.