Amandla elanga anoma yiluphi uhlobo lwamandla akhiqizwa ilanga.

Amandla elanga adalwa ukuhlangana kwenuzi okwenzeka elangeni.Ukuhlangana kwenzeka lapho ama-proton ama-athomu e-hydrogen eshayisana ngamandla enkabeni yelanga futhi ehlangana ukuze akhe i-athomu ye-helium.

Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-PP (proton-proton) chain reaction, ikhipha inani elikhulu lamandla.Enkabeni yalo, ilanga lihlanganisa amathani e-hydrogen angaba yizigidi ezingu-620 umzuzwana ngamunye.Ukusabela kochungechunge lwe-PP kwenzeka kwezinye izinkanyezi ezicishe zilingane nelanga lethu, futhi zizinikeza amandla nokushisa okuqhubekayo.Izinga lokushisa lalezi zinkanyezi lilinganiselwa ku-4 million degrees esikalini sika-Kelvin (cishe ama-degree Celsius ayizigidi ezi-4, ama-degrees Fahrenheit ayizigidi ezingu-7).

Ezinkanyezini eziphindwe izikhathi ezingu-1.3 ezinkulu kunelanga, umjikelezo we-CNO uqhuba ukwakhiwa kwamandla.Umjikelezo we-CNO uphinde uguqule i-hydrogen ibe yi-helium, kodwa incike kukhabhoni, i-nitrogen, nomoya-mpilo (C, N, no-O) ukwenza kanjalo.Njengamanje, ngaphansi kwamaphesenti amabili wamandla elanga adalwa umjikelezo we-CNO.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear nge-PP chain reaction noma umjikelezo we-CNO kukhipha amandla amakhulu ngendlela yamagagasi nezinhlayiya.Amandla elanga ahlala egeleza kude nelanga nakuwo wonke isimiso sonozungezilanga.Amandla elanga afudumeza Umhlaba, abangela umoya nesimo sezulu, futhi asekela ukuphila kwezitshalo nezilwane.

Amandla, ukushisa, nokukhanya okuvela elangeni kugeleza kude ngendlela yemisebe ye-electromagnetic (EMR).

I-spectrum ye-electromagnetic ikhona njengamaza amaza namaza ahlukene.Imvamisa yegagasi imelela ukuthi igagasi liziphindaphinda kangaki eyunithi ethile yesikhathi.Amagagasi anamaza wamaza amafushane kakhulu ayaziphinda izikhathi ezimbalwa eyunithi yesikhathi enikeziwe, ngakho-ke anemvamisa ephezulu.Ngokuphambene, amagagasi efrikhwensi ephansi anamaza amade kakhulu.

Iningi lamagagasi kagesi alibonakali kithi.Amaza amaza aphakeme kakhulu akhishwa ilanga ama- gamma ray, ama-X-ray, nemisebe ye-ultraviolet (UV).Imisebe ye-UV eyingozi kakhulu icishe imuncwe ngokuphelele umkhathi woMhlaba.Imisebe ye-UV enamandla amancane idlula emkhathini, futhi ingabangela ukushiswa yilanga.

Ilanga liphinde likhiphe imisebe ye-infrared, amagagasi awo aphansi kakhulu.Ukushisa okuningi okuvela elangeni kufika njengamandla e-infrared.

I-sandwich phakathi kwe-infrared ne-UV i-spectrum ebonakalayo, equkethe yonke imibala esiyibonayo emhlabeni.Umbala obomvu unamaza amade amade kakhulu (okuseduze ne-infrared), kanye no-violet (okuseduze ne-UV) okufushane kakhulu.

Amandla Emvelo Elanga

I-Greenhouse Effect
Amagagasi e-infrared, abonakalayo, nama-UV afika eMhlabeni ahlanganyela ohlelweni lokufudumala iplanethi nokwenza ukuphila kwenzeke—lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “i-greenhouse effect.”

Cishe amaphesenti angu-30 wamandla elanga afika eMhlabeni abuyiselwa emkhathini.Okunye kungene emkhathini woMhlaba.Imisebe ifudumeza ubuso boMhlaba, futhi indawo engaphezulu ikhipha amandla amanye abuyele esimweni samaza e-infrared.Njengoba zikhuphuka emkhathini, zibanjwa amagesi abamba ukushisa, njengomhwamuko wamanzi nesikhutha.

Amagesi abamba ukushisa abamba ukushisa okubuyisela phezulu emkhathini.Ngale ndlela, benza njengezindonga zengilazi ze-greenhouse.Lo mphumela we-greenhouse ugcina uMhlaba ufudumele ngokwanele ukusekela ukuphila.

I-Photosynthesis
Cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni zithembele emandleni elanga ukuze athole ukudla, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile.

Abakhiqizi bathembele ngokuqondile emandleni elanga.Zimunca ukukhanya kwelanga futhi zikuguqule kube umsoco ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-photosynthesis.Abakhiqizi, ababizwa nangokuthi ama-autotrophs, bahlanganisa izitshalo, ulwelwe, amagciwane kanye nesikhunta.Ama-Autotrophs ayisisekelo sewebhu yokudla.

Abathengi bathembele kubakhiqizi ukuze bathole imisoco.Izilwane ezidla uhlaza, izilwane ezidla inyama, ama-omnivores, nama-detritivores zithembele emandleni elanga ngokungaqondile.Izilwane ezidla uhlaza zidla izitshalo nabanye abakhiqizi.Izilwane ezidla inyama kanye nama-omnivores zidla kokubili abakhiqizi kanye nezilwane ezidla uhlaza.Ama-Detritivores abola izinto zezitshalo nezilwane ngokuzidla.

Izibaseli Zezinsalela
I-Photosynthesis nayo inesibopho sawo wonke amafutha atholakala eMhlabeni.Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu edlule, ama-autotroph okuqala avela ezindaweni zasemanzini.Ukukhanya kwelanga kwavumela impilo yezitshalo ukuba ichume futhi iguquke.Ngemva kokufa kwama-autotrophs, abola futhi ashintshela eMhlabeni, ngezinye izikhathi izinkulungwane zamamitha.Le nqubo yaqhubeka izigidi zeminyaka.

Ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu, lezi zinsalela zaba yilokho esiwazi njengamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi.Izinambuzane ezincane zaba i-petroleum, igesi yemvelo namalahle.

Abantu benze izinqubo zokukhipha lawa mafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi futhi bawasebenzisele amandla.Nokho, amafutha ezinsalela ayisisetshenziswa esingavuseleleki.Kuthatha izigidi zeminyaka ukwakha.

Ukusebenzisa amandla eSolar

Amandla elanga ayinsiza evuselelekayo, futhi ubuchwepheshe obuningi bungavuna ngokuqondile ukuze busetshenziswe ezindlini, amabhizinisi, ezikoleni nasezibhedlela.Obunye ubuchwepheshe bamandla elanga buhlanganisa amaseli e-photovoltaic namaphaneli, amandla elanga agxilile, kanye nezakhiwo zelanga.

Kunezindlela ezahlukene zokubamba imisebe yelanga bese iguqulwa ibe amandla asebenzisekayo.Izindlela zisebenzisa amandla elanga asebenzayo noma amandla elanga angasebenzi.

Ubuchwepheshe belanga obusebenzayo busebenzisa izisetshenziswa zikagesi noma zemishini ukuze ziguqule amandla elanga abe olunye uhlobo lwamandla, ngokuvamile ukushisa noma ugesi.I-Passive solar technologies ayisebenzisi noma yimaphi amadivaysi angaphandle.Kunalokho, basebenzisa isimo sezulu sendawo ukushisa izakhiwo ebusika, futhi babonise ukushisa ehlobo.

Ama-Photovoltaics

I-Photovoltaics iwuhlobo lobuchwepheshe obusebenzayo belanga elatholwa ngo-1839 isazi sefiziksi saseFrance esineminyaka engu-19 u-Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel.U-Becquerel wathola ukuthi lapho efaka i-silver-chloride esixukwini esine-asidi futhi esichaya elangeni, ama-electrode eplatinamu axhunywe kuwo akhiqiza amandla kagesi.Le nqubo yokukhiqiza ugesi ngokuqondile emisebeni yelanga ibizwa ngokuthi i-photovoltaic effect, noma i-photovoltaics.

Namuhla, i-photovoltaics cishe iyindlela eyaziwa kakhulu yokusebenzisa amandla elanga.Ama-photovoltaic arrays ngokuvamile ahlanganisa amaphaneli elanga, iqoqo lamaduze noma ngisho namakhulu amaseli elanga.

Iseli ngalinye lelanga liqukethe i-semiconductor, ngokuvamile eyenziwe nge-silicon.Lapho i-semiconductor imunca ukukhanya kwelanga, idedela ama-electron.Inkundla kagesi iqondisa la ma-electron axegayo emsinga kagesi, ageleza ohlangothini olulodwa.Izixhumanisi zensimbi phezulu nangaphansi kweseli yelanga ziqondisa leyo yamanje entweni yangaphandle.Into yangaphandle ingaba yincane njengesibali esinamandla elanga noma ibe nkulu njengesiteshi sikagesi.

Ama-photovoltaics aqale ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kumkhumbi-mkhathi.Amasathelayithi amaningi, okuhlanganisa ne-International Space Station (ISS), afaka “amaphiko” abanzi, abonisayo amaphaneli elanga.I-ISS inamaphiko amabili e-solar array (SAWs), ngalinye lisebenzisa amaseli elanga angaba ngu-33,000.Lawa maseli e-photovoltaic ahlinzeka wonke ugesi ku-ISS, evumela osomkhathi ukuthi basebenzise isiteshi, bahlale ngokuphepha emkhathini izinyanga ngesikhathi, futhi benze ucwaningo lwesayensi nobunjiniyela.

Iziteshi zamandla e-Photovoltaic zakhiwe emhlabeni wonke.Iziteshi ezinkulu kakhulu zise-United States, India naseChina.Lezi ziteshi zikagesi zikhipha amakhulukhulu amamegawathi kagesi, asetshenziselwa ukuhlinzeka ngezindlu, amabhizinisi, izikole nezibhedlela.

Ubuchwepheshe be-Photovoltaic bungabuye bufakwe esikalini esincane.Ama-solar panel namaseli angagxilwa ophahleni noma ezindongeni zangaphandle zezakhiwo, anikeze ugesi wesakhiwo.Zingafakwa emigwaqweni ukuze zikhanyise emigwaqweni emikhulu.Amaseli elanga mancane ngokwanele ukunika amandla ngisho nezisetshenziswa ezincane, njengezibali, amamitha okupaka, izinto ezihlanganisa udoti, namaphampu amanzi.

Amandla Elanga Agxilile

Olunye uhlobo lobuchwepheshe belanga obusebenzayo amandla elanga agxilile noma amandla elanga agxilile (CSP).Ubuchwepheshe be-CSP busebenzisa amalensi nezibuko ukuze kugxiliswe (kugxilise) ukukhanya kwelanga kusuka endaweni enkulu kuya endaweni encane kakhulu.Le ndawo eshubile yemisebe ishisa uketshezi, olubuye lukhiqize ugesi noma luqhubekisele enye inqubo.

Izithando zelanga ziyisibonelo samandla elanga agxilile.Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zezithando zomlilo welanga, okuhlanganisa imibhoshongo yamandla elanga, imikhumbi ye-parabolic, nezibonisi zeFresnel.Basebenzisa indlela evamile efanayo ukuze bathwebule futhi baguqule amandla.

Imibhoshongo yamandla elanga isebenzisa ama-heliostat, izibuko eziyisicaba eziphendukayo ukuze zilandele i-arc yelanga esibhakabhakeni.Izibuko zihlelwe zizungeze “umbhoshongo womqoqi,” futhi zibonisa ukukhanya kwelanga kube umsebe wokukhanya okhanyayo okhanya endaweni okugxilwe kuyo embhoshongweni.

Emiklamweni yangaphambilini yemibhoshongo yamandla elanga, ukukhanya kwelanga okugxilile kwakushisisa isiqukathi samanzi, esasikhiqiza isitimu esasisebenzisa umshini womoya.Muva nje, eminye imibhoshongo yamandla elanga isebenzisa i-sodium ewuketshezi, enamandla okushisa aphezulu futhi egcina ukushisa isikhathi eside.Lokhu kusho ukuthi uketshezi alufinyeleli kuphela emazingeni okushisa angama-773 kuya ku-1,273K (500° kuya ku-1,000° C noma 932° kuya ku-1,832° F), kodwa lungaqhubeka nokubilisa amanzi futhi lukhiqize amandla ngisho nalapho ilanga lingakhanyi.

Imikhombe ye-Parabolic kanye nezibonisi ze-Fresnel nazo zisebenzisa i-CSP, kodwa izibuko zazo zime ngendlela ehlukile.Izibuko ze-Parabolic zigobile, zinesimo esifana nesihlalo sehhashi.Izibonisi zeFresnel zisebenzisa imicu yesibuko eyisicaba, emincane ukuze ithwebule ukukhanya kwelanga futhi ikuqondise eshubhuni loketshezi.Izibonisi ze-Fresnel zinendawo engaphezulu kunemikhombe ye-parabolic futhi zingagxilisa amandla elanga cishe izikhathi ezingu-30 ubukhulu balo obuvamile.

Izitshalo zamandla elanga ezigxilile zaqala ukuthuthukiswa ngeminyaka yawo-1980.Isikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni uchungechunge lwezitshalo e-Mojave Desert esifundazweni sase-US saseCalifornia.Lolu hlelo Lokukhiqiza Amandla Elanga (i-SEGS) lukhiqiza amahora angaphezu kuka-650 wamagigawathi kagesi minyaka yonke.Ezinye izitshalo ezinkulu nezisebenzayo ziye zathuthukiswa eSpain naseNdiya.

Amandla elanga agxilile angasetshenziswa nangesilinganiso esincane.Ingaphehla ukushisa kubapheki belanga, ngokwesibonelo.Abantu basezigodini emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa ama-solar cooker ukuze babilise amanzi okuhambisa indle nokupheka ukudla.

Izitofu zelanga zinikeza izinzuzo eziningi kunezitofu zokubasa izinkuni: Aziyona ingozi yomlilo, azikhiqizi intuthu, azidingi uphethiloli, futhi zinciphisa ukulahleka kwezindawo zokuhlala emahlathini lapho izihlahla zingavunwa ukuze zibaselwe.Abapheki belanga futhi bavumela abantu basemaphandleni ukuba baphishekele isikhathi semfundo, ibhizinisi, impilo, noma umndeni phakathi nesikhathi esasisetshenziselwa ukutheza izinkuni.Izipheki zelanga zisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene njengeChad, Israel, India, kanye nePeru.

I-Solar Architecture

Kuyo yonke inkambo yosuku, amandla elanga ayingxenye yenqubo ye-thermal convection, noma ukuhamba kokushisa kusuka endaweni efudumele kuya kwepholile.Lapho ilanga liphuma, liqala ukufudumala izinto nezinto ezisemhlabeni.Usuku lonke, lezi zinto zimunca ukushisa emisebeni yelanga.Ebusuku, lapho ilanga lishona nomkhathi usupholile, lezi zinto zibuyisela ukushisa kwazo emkhathini.

Amasu e-Passive solar energy asebenzisa leli thuba lenqubo yokufudumeza kwemvelo nokupholisa.

Amakhaya nezinye izakhiwo zisebenzisa amandla elanga angasebenzi ukuze zisabalalise ukushisa ngendlela ephumelelayo futhi engabizi.Ukubala “isisindo esishisayo” sesakhiwo isibonelo salokhu.Ukushisa kwebhilidi kuyinqwaba yezinto ezishisiswe usuku lonke.Izibonelo zesisindo sokushisa kwesakhiwo ukhuni, insimbi, ukhonkolo, ubumba, itshe, noma udaka.Ebusuku, i-thermal mass ikhulula ukushisa kwayo ekamelweni.Izimiso ezisebenzayo zokungenisa umoya—amaphasishi, amafasitela, namapayipi omoya—asakaza umoya ofudumele futhi alondoloze izinga lokushisa langaphakathi elimaphakathi, elingaguquki.

Ubuchwepheshe belanga obungangeni buvame ukubandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo.Ngokwesibonelo, esigabeni sokuhlela sokwakha, unjiniyela noma umdwebi wezakhiwo angase aqondanise isakhiwo nendlela yelanga yansuku zonke ukuze sithole amanani afiselekayo okukhanya kwelanga.Le ndlela icabangela ububanzi, ukuphakama, kanye nesembozo samafu esivamile sendawo ethile.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo zingakhiwa noma zifakwe kabusha ukuze zibe nokufakwa kwe-thermal, i-thermal mass, noma i-shading eyengeziwe.

Ezinye izibonelo zezakhiwo zelanga ezingenzi lutho uphahla olupholile, imigoqo ekhazimulayo, nophahla oluluhlaza.Uphahla olupholile lupendwe lwaba mhlophe, futhi lubonisa imisebe yelanga esikhundleni sokumunca.Indawo emhlophe inciphisa ukushisa okufinyelela ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo, okubuye kunciphise inani lamandla adingekayo ukuze kuphole isakhiwo.

Izithiyo ezikhazimulayo zisebenza ngokufanayo nophahla olupholile.Bahlinzeka ngokufakwa kwezinto ezikhanyayo kakhulu, njenge-aluminium foil.I-foil ikhombisa, esikhundleni sokudonsa, ukushisa, futhi inganciphisa izindleko zokupholisa kuze kufike kumaphesenti angu-10.Ngaphezu kophahla nama-attics, izithiyo ezikhazimulayo zingase zifakwe ngaphansi kwaphansi.

Uphahla oluluhlaza luwuphahla olumbozwe ngokuphelele uhlaza.Zidinga inhlabathi nokuchelela ukuze zisekele izitshalo, kanye nongqimba olungangeni manzi ngaphansi.Uphahla oluluhlaza alunciphisi nje ukushisa okumuncwa noma okulahlekile, kodwa futhi kunikeze izimila.Nge-photosynthesis, izitshalo ezisophahleni oluluhlaza zimunca isikhutha futhi zikhiphe umoya-mpilo.Bahlunga ukungcola emanzini emvula nasemoyeni, futhi basuse eminye yemiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwamandla kuleso sikhala.

Uphahla oluluhlaza bekuyisiko eScandinavia amakhulu eminyaka, futhi muva nje sekudumile e-Australia, eNtshonalanga Yurophu, eCanada nase-United States.Isibonelo, iFord Motor Company yahlanganisa amamitha-skwele angu-42,000 (amafidi-skwele angu-450,000) ophahleni lwemishini yokuhlanganisa e-Dearborn, Michigan, nezitshalo.Ngaphezu kokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa, uphahla lunciphisa ukugeleza kwamanzi eziphepho ngokumunca imvula engamasentimitha ambalwa.

Uphahla oluluhlaza kanye nophahla olupholile lungaphinda lubhekane nomphumela "wesiqhingi sokushisa sasemadolobheni".Emadolobheni amatasa, izinga lokushisa lingaba phezulu ngokuqhubekayo kunezindawo ezizungezile.Ziningi izici ezinomthelela kulokhu: Amadolobha akhiwe ngezinto ezifana netiyela nokhonkolo olumunca ukushisa;izakhiwo ezinde zivimba umoya nemiphumela yawo yokupholisa;futhi amanani aphezulu okushisa okulahlwayo akhiqizwa izimboni, ukuhamba kwezimoto, kanye nenani labantu abaningi.Ukusebenzisa indawo ekhona ophahleni ukutshala izihlahla, noma ukukhombisa ukushisa ngophahla olumhlophe, kunganciphisa kancane izinga lokushisa lendawo ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.

Amandla elanga kanye nabantu

Njengoba ukukhanya kwelanga kukhanya cishe ingxenye yosuku kuphela ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, ubuchwepheshe bamandla elanga kufanele buhlanganise nezindlela zokugcina amandla phakathi namahora amnyama.

Amasistimu we-thermal mass asebenzisa i-wax kapharafini noma izinhlobo ezahlukene zikasawoti ukugcina amandla ngendlela yokushisa.Amasistimu e-Photovoltaic angathumela ugesi owedlulele kugridi yamandla wendawo, noma agcine amandla kumabhethri aphinde ashajwe.

Kuningi okuhle nokubi ekusebenziseni amandla elanga.

Izinzuzo
Inzuzo enkulu yokusebenzisa amandla elanga ukuthi iyinsiza evuselelekayo.Sizoba nokukhanya kwelanga okuzinzile, okungenamkhawulo eminye iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu.Ngehora elilodwa, umkhathi womhlaba uthola ukukhanya kwelanga okwanele ukunika amandla izidingo zikagesi zawo wonke umuntu osemhlabeni isikhathi esingangonyaka.

Amandla elanga ahlanzekile.Ngemva kokuba imishini yobuchwepheshe belanga yakhiwe futhi yafakwa, amandla elanga awadingi uphethiloli ukuze asebenze.Futhi ayikhiphi amagesi abamba ukushisa noma izinto ezinobuthi.Ukusebenzisa amandla elanga kunganciphisa kakhulu umthelela esinawo emvelweni.

Kunezindawo lapho amandla elanga esebenza khona.Izindlu nezakhiwo ezisezindaweni ezinokukhanya kwelanga okuphezulu kanye nokumbozwa kwamafu amancane kunethuba lokusebenzisa amandla amaningi elanga.

Abapheki belanga banikeza enye indlela enhle kakhulu yokupheka ngezitofu ezibaswa ngokhuni—okusathembele kuzo abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili.Abapheki belanga bahlinzeka ngendlela ehlanzekile nephephile yokuhlanza amanzi nokupheka ukudla.

Amandla elanga ahambisana neminye imithombo yamandla evuselelekayo, njengomoya noma amandla kagesi ngamanzi.

Amakhaya noma amabhizinisi afaka ama-solar panel aphumelelayo angakhiqiza ugesi oweqile.Laba banikazi bezindlu noma abanikazi bamabhizinisi bangathengisa amandla emuva kumhlinzeki kagesi, banciphise noma baqede izikweletu zamandla.

Ukubi
Isici esiyinhloko sokuvimbela ukusebenzisa amandla elanga yimishini edingekayo.Imishini yobuchwepheshe belanga iyabiza.Ukuthenga nokufaka izinto zokusebenza kungabiza amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi ezindlini ngazinye.Nakuba uhulumeni evame ukunikeza izintela ezincishisiwe kubantu namabhizinisi asebenzisa amandla kagesi elanga, futhi ubuchwepheshe bungaqeda izikweletu zikagesi, izindleko zokuqala ziphakeme kakhulu ukuba abaningi bazicabangele.

Imishini yamandla elanga nayo iyasinda.Ukuze kulungiswe kabusha noma kufakwe ama-solar panel ophahleni lwesakhiwo, uphahla kufanele lube namandla, lube lukhulu, futhi luqondiswe endleleni yelanga.

Kokubili ubuchwepheshe belanga obusebenzayo nobungenzi lutho buncike ezintweni esingaphezu kwamandla ethu, njengesimo sezulu nekhava yamafu.Izindawo zendawo kumele zicutshungulwe ukuze kutholakale ukuthi amandla elanga angasebenza yini kuleyo ndawo noma cha.

Ukukhanya kwelanga kufanele kube kuningi futhi kuhambisane ukuze amandla elanga abe yinketho ephumelelayo.Ezindaweni eziningi eMhlabeni, ukushintshashintsha kokukhanya kwelanga kwenza kube nzima ukukusebenzisa njengokuphela komthombo wamandla.